The economic advantages of majoring in STEM fields appear immediately after graduation. In Behind the Pay Gap, AAUW researchers found that one year out of college, female engineers and architects (16 percent of the field) earned slightly more on average (105 percent) than their male peers. Yet although women working full time in engineering and architecture initially earned more than their male colleagues, their advantage reversed and widened over time. Ten years after graduation, women working full time in engineering and architecture earned only about 93 percent of what their male colleagues earned. (See table 1 for details regarding the overall gender wage gap in selected STEM occupations.) Nevertheless, even ten years after graduation, women in male-dominated fields such as engineering continued to earn more than their female peers working in female-dominated majors such as education, humanities, or psychology.
These differences suggest that a key strategy for shrinking the persistent gender pay gap is to reduce gender segregation in choice of college major and occupation. One way to do this is by adopting practices to promote women’s recruitment and retention in STEM majors, a topic addressed later in this article.